Vacuous space can conduct radiation because Einsteins concept of force attached to vacuum (his “cosmological constant” which reemerges with the elimination of the expanding universe) is essentially correct. The cosmological constant is shown to be the quantum time force which sustains the spacial quantum. By pushing upon the quantum time force in a regular frequency, waves composed of expanding and contracting vacuous volume are sent through the universe at the speed of light. For space to be quantum, time must also be a quantum; composed of discrete time values separated by an extremely small variance. The time-quantum was also proved by the negative radiation study of cotton. Thanks to Heaviside, the quantum time-force may be given in amp-Newtons (Newtons per SI amp). The electromagnetic wave is established by the flux in electric permittivity across the magnetic permeability of free space. Permeability is a constant (Heaviside; ElectroMagnetic Theory, p. 21) and the electric field must reach a permittivity threshold (capacitance per meter) in order for space to conduct the flux. In the Heavisides formulation, the permeability constant times the permittivity threshold is equal to the inverse of the square of the speed of light. The inverse of the speed of light squared is also the formula for time-force as determined by quantum geometry. Heavisides magneticpermeability/ electric-permittivity exactly equals this time force and allows for a direct exchange between quantum space and the electromagnetic wave. The Heaviside formula gives the quantum time-force in amp-Newtons of time-variance squared: time-force of free space =1.11264 10-17 () amp- Newtons of second 2 meter 2 Finally, the the Bohr/Schrodinger model for the shell/subshell electron schematic must be abandoned and the periodic table of elements requires revision. The consensus shell/subshell schematic was produced by an ill-defined application of Niels Bohrs electron orbit model and the Schrodinger wave-function. The number of electrons contained by subshells were determined by the number of “lobed orbitals” which the Schrodinger equation produces as modified by the quantum angular momentum number “l: ” However, the Schrodinger equation and its lobed orbitals is shown to mimic a nonlinear squared wave function which describes the change in wave form which occurs when an electron collapses out of a three-dimensional orbital operating in four-dimensional space into a two-dimensional orbit operating in molar three-dimensional volume. The Schrodinger eigenfunction converts the collapsed wave into a three dimensional orbital which retains the collapsed two-dimensional lobed form. His lobed orbitals are chimera and cannot explain the orbital adjustments which subshells need in order to incorporate more electrons. An analysis of the sodium “D-lines” under “Zeeman effect” demonstrates this to be the case. The actual orbital is produced by the rotation of the electron bond at 90° to the proton bond when the electron reaches a boundary distance which must be maintained between a quantum and an Euclidean particle. This rotation is explained by the nature of particle charges as a projection onto a dimension not incorporated in a particles volume; the electron having a quantum leg of volume while the proton is completely Euclidean. The rotation is accompanied by the multiplication of the electrons charge by a “Piezoelectrical nuclear capacitance.” Rotation and multiplication produces a three dimensional orbital in fourdimensional space with the electron following a three-dimensional wave path and possessing a “1/2 spin” energy-constant as defined by the Bohr magneton and a wavephase time constant. Subshell capacities are explained by electron-voltage changes across wave phases as caused by 1/2 spin. This is confirmed by D-line and Zeeman data.
Lawrence Dawson
QUANTUM DIMENSION